Mostrando las entradas con la etiqueta UNEP. Mostrar todas las entradas
Mostrando las entradas con la etiqueta UNEP. Mostrar todas las entradas

jueves, 15 de noviembre de 2007

How to make tourism greener

By Stephanie Holmes
BBC News

International tourism can play the role of both victim and villain when it comes to climate change.

It needs balmy weather, corals and coastlines - all under threat from rising temperatures and climate change.

But it also depends on energy-guzzling jumbo jets, air-conditioned hotel complexes and swimming pools kept pristine with environmentally damaging chemicals.

With the sector contributing to some 5% of global carbon emissions, its impact cannot be ignored.

"We have to talk about tourism and climate change," says Stefanos Fotiou of the United Nations Environment Programme (Unep).

"Tourism cannot grow sustainably without addressing the challenges of climate change."

Balancing the boom

The most recent figures from the UN World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) suggest that the industry continues to expand, with 610 million international tourist arrivals in the first eight months of 2007, 32 million more than in the same period last year.

The number is expected to swell to 1.6 billion by 2020.

Experts from the UNWTO say that industry is waking up to its responsibilities, aware that fuelling climate change, which degrades the very environment on which tourism depends, could undermine its business in the long term.

"A phenomenon of such magnitude cannot remain without consequences for the climate," UNWTO chief Francesco Frangialli told delegates at the World Tourism Market in London, where hundreds of representatives from the sector have gathered.

At least 60 tourism ministers have pledged to back a declaration drafted in Davos in October, committing to take "concerted action against climate change".

The agreement aims to adapt tourism to climate change, to mitigate its effects, to increase the use of alternative technologies and to channel funding for such efforts towards poorer countries, many of whom depend on tourism for a sizeable chunk of their economies.

Tourism is the primary source of foreign exchange earnings in 46 out of 50 of the world's least developed countries, according to the UNWTO.

The declaration contains no specific targets but for Geoffrey Lipman, of the UNWTO, it demonstrates governments' awareness of the balance between tourism and climate change.

"It's a first step on a road towards achieving targets. We wouldn't be here if we weren't committed to playing a part in the global response."

Breathing space

As a state dependent on long-haul tourism, Sri Lanka is one of the nations leading the way.

With 30% rainforest cover and home to 3,000 Asian elephants, the island has pledged to become an Earth Lung - a completely carbon clean sovereign state.

"Sri Lanka is a biodiversity hotspot," the country's Tourism Minister Renton de Alwis said.

The wide variety of flora and fauna indigenous to Sri Lanka's unique ecosystem makes it particularly vulnerable to climactic shifts.

"It is both an advantage and a responsibility for us. Little Sri Lanka has come up with the initiative to make us a carbon-neutral destination," Mr de Alwis said.

This will involve establishing codes of practice for the various tourism sectors, promoting reforestation and encouraging the use of alternative energy sources.

But other representatives from countries who depend on long-haul travel expressed reservations about targeting tourism to tackle climate change.

Australia warned against demonising aviation, Brazil insisted it should not shoulder a "disproportionate burden" and India pointed out that the best form of adaptation to climate change is development.

Dramatic action

But for many environmental lobbyists, any attempt to really alter tourism's impact on the planet must by definition, be drastic.

"Business as usual is not going to move us towards a carbon neutral world," said Jeff Gazzard, of the Aviation Environment Federation, who nevertheless welcomes the Davos declaration.

He insists that industry, as well as governments, must tackle the core issues, rather than trying to rid themselves of responsibility through measures like carbon offsetting - where individuals or companies balance their carbon output by financing green projects.

"If I hear the words 'carbon offsetting' once more, I will scream. These kind of papal indulgences were sold in the Middle Ages. It is like paying someone else to give up smoking," he said.

Any improvements in plane or fuel technology, he said, would be outpaced by growth in the sector, which expands by 3-4% per year.

Aviation spewed out some 610 mega-tons of carbon each year, he points out, more than the world's fourth biggest economy - the UK.

He predicts that, by 2010 the figure will rise to 776 mega-tons and, by 2025, it will reach 1,228 mega-tons.

He proposes a hefty passenger tax on aviation of 3.6 pence (74 cents) per kilometre which would flatten demand growth to 1-2% each year.

"This is an industry wedded to kerosene," he said. "There is no tax on aviation of any meaningful variety."

Changing behaviour

One powerful driver which lobbyists, governments and industry specialists agree upon is consumers, who can shape policy with their decisions.

This trend has spawned the rise of a wealth of options such as responsible or eco-tourism which seek to reconcile environmental impact with local benefit.

European tour operator Tui Travel, which provides vacations for 30 million customers per year, says clients are increasingly asking about the carbon impact when booking their holidays, even if is the last thing on their minds when they actually arrive.

The company is pioneering a scheme to rate the energy efficiency of hotels, expecting that customer demand will transform behaviour as tour operators withdraw from unsustainable hotels and destinations.

It is a trend that the Unep encourages. "With your choices you can make tourism respond to climate change," says Mr Fotiou.

Bonanza de los biocombustibles frente a 'choque' / Biofuels bonanza facing 'crash'

The biofuels bonanza will crash unless producers can guarantee their crops have been produced responsibly, the UN's environment agency chief has said.

Achim Steiner of the UN Environment Programme (Unep) said there was an urgent need for standards to make sure rainforests weren't being destroyed.

Biofuel makers also had to show their products did not produce more CO2 than they negated, he told BBC News.

Critics say biofuels will lead to food shortages and destroy rainforests.

They point to the destruction of Indonesia's peat swamps as an example of biofuel folly.

The swamps are one the richest stores of carbon on the planet and they are being burned to produce palm oil.

Mr Steiner implied that because of Indonesia's inability to police its land use, biofuels from palm oil grown by the nation might never be deemed to be sustainable.

But he said some biofuels could be considered sustainable. He highlighted ethanol production in Brazil, and a dry land crop called jatropha, which is resistant to pests and droughts.

Mr Steiner urged investors not to turn their backs on developing second or third generation fuels that would use non-food crops and burnable waste.

He feared that beneficial biofuels might be lost as part of a consumer backlash.

Mr Steiner made his comments in response to criticism from a group of independent scientists who said they had written to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) complaining that the climate body's comments on biofuels have been naive.

The independent scientists pointed to two phrases in reports by the IPPC, of which Unep is a co-sponsor, which the scientists said could not be substantiated.

One stated that biofuels were an effective solution in at least a number of countries, while the other suggested that biofuels in the transport sector would generally have positive social and environmental benefits.

False economy

One of the scientists, Tad Patzek from University of California Berkeley, US, said: "In the long-run, the planet cannot afford to produce biofuels because we're going to run out of the land and water and environmental resources.

"In addition, because of the land use changes, drying up peat-swamps, burning tropical forest, these biofuels involve up-front enormous emissions of greenhouse gases that will never be recouped by their later use," he told BBC News.

Professor Patzek also doubted Mr Steiner's confidence in Brazilian ethanol. "The [IPCC] description of Brazilian sugar-cane ethanol production as 'highly advanced' and 'a model' is somewhat of an exaggeration.

"It's neither good nor a model," he said.

Brazilian producers are adamant that their bio-crops are not grown on rainforest land - but the environmental group Friends of the Earth Brazil claim that peasant farmers - dispossessed by biofuel conglomerates - are moving to the Amazon to seek new land.

Mr Steiner said Brazil had enough land to ensure that biofuel cropping could be sustainable.

The group of scientists said their letter to the head of the IPCC, Professor Pachauri, had not been answered.

BBC News has not been able to obtain a comment from Professor Pachauri, though this may be hardly surprising given that the final summit on the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (A4R) is currently underway in Valencia, Spain.

Mr Steiner said Unep had set up a high-level task force to study the life-cycle implications of all biofuels. The group is expected to publish its findings next year.

By then much of the Indonesian peat swamps - one of the most valuable stores of carbon in the world - will have been torched.

The only way of stopping may not be through the UN or the Indonesian government, but through one or more private philanthropist with a burning desire to own an Indonesian swamp.

lunes, 29 de octubre de 2007

Advierten ONU grave deterioro ambiental

Es urgente aplicar medidas radicales para terminar con la depredación del medio ambiente, pues por primera vez en la historia se ha llegado a un punto donde se consume más de lo que la naturaleza produce.

México.- Es urgente que todos los países del mundo apliquen medidas radicales para terminar con la depredación del medio ambiente, pues por primera vez en la historia se ha llegado a un punto donde se consume más de lo que la naturaleza produce.

Tal es la advertencia que se desprende del reporte sobre el medio ambiente denominado “Geo 4″, preparado por el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente, según el cual la actividad humana es la principal responsable de este hecho.

Conforme al reporte, sólo en América Latina en promedio 77 por ciento de la población vive en ciudades y la tendencia llevará a que en 2020 esa proporción aumente a 82 por ciento.

Por ahora, en países como Argentina y Uruguay la proporción llega a 90 por ciento; en Brasil alcanza 80 por ciento y en México y Cuba se acerca a 75 por ciento.

En general, los modelos urbanos importan de los países desarrollados la dependencia de los automóviles, lo que genera desigualdades medio ambientales que afectan, sobre todo, a los pobres, las mujeres y los indígenas.

De hecho, “la población del mundo ha alcanzado un estado en el que la cantidad de recursos necesaria para mantenerlo supera lo que hay disponible”.

Según el reporte, al día de hoy la actividad normal de cada ser humano afecta 21.9 hectáreas, mientras la capacidad biológica de la tierra es de sólo 15.7 hectáreas en promedio. Además sólo 16 por ciento de los residuos sólidos se maneja adecuadamente, mientras la generación de basura por persona ha crecido de manera dramática en los últimos 20 años, movido sobre todo por los hábitos de consumo de los países desarrollados.

En materia de agua potable, se prevé que para 2025 casi mil 800 millones de personas carezcan del líquido.

En esa fecha, los cortes de agua se incrementarán en 50 por ciento en países en desarrollo y en 18 por ciento en el mundo desarrollado.

El calentamiento global incrementará el nivel de los mares con serias repercusiones sociales, pues 60 por ciento de la población mundial habita a menos de 100 kilómetros de la costa.

En tanto, la acidificación del mar afectará la fauna marina, arriesgando con ello la seguridad alimenticia.

La seguridad de los alimentos también estaría afectada por la acelerada pérdida de biodiversidad, pues sólo 14 especies representan 90 por ciento de la ganadería mundial y 30 cultivos generan 90 por ciento de las calorías del mundo.

La situación es tan grave que inclusive se teme que, debido a las dificultades de sobrevivencia generadas por la depredación ambiental, la mitad de los seis mil idiomas del mundo puedan perderse.

El informe advierte que se deben tomar los ejemplos de gestión exitosa del medio ambiente y las autoridades en todos los países deben seguir medidas radicales y urgentes para ofrecer un futuro a su población.

Notimex
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Link a Reporte Geo de UNEP

jueves, 25 de octubre de 2007

Muestra América Latina alta vulnerabilidad al cambio climático: ONU

La investigación, en la que participaron más de 300 científicos, indica que los principales problemas detectados son la rápida urbanización, las amenazas a la biodiversidad, la degradación costera y la vulnerabilidad al cambio climático.

México, DF.- América Latina y El Caribe tienen una altísima vulnerabilidad a los efectos del cambio climático, mientras en el mundo sube el nivel del mar, baja la disponibilidad de agua y aumenta la cantidad de basura, reveló un estudio de la ONU.

Al presentar este jueves el informe del medio ambiente mundial GEO 4 en las oficinas de la Organización de la Naciones Unidas en México, el coordinador del estudio en las mencionadas regiones, Salvador Sánchez, advirtió de la grave situación.

La investigación, en la que participaron más de 300 científicos, indica que los principales problemas detectados son la rápida urbanización, las amenazas a la biodiversidad, la degradación costera y la vulnerabilidad al cambio climático.

Específicamente en América Latina y El Caribe sube el nivel del mar, crece el nivel de las precipitaciones pluviales, se hacen más agudas las sequías y más violentos los huracanes.

Según el documento, debido a la deforestación mundial, en la que esta región contribuye con 15 por ciento, baja la disponibilidad de agua y la producción agropecuaria al grado de que por primera vez la falta del líquido será factor para que no crezca la economía de la zona.

Durante la presentación del informe, la cual fue simultánea en otras 40 ciudades del mundo, Ricardo Sánchez, coordinador regional para América Latina y El Caribe del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente, alertó sobre la situación.

Señaló que a 20 años de la publicación del primer reporte sobre el tema muchos de sus objetivos no se han cumplido, ya que 60 por ciento de los ecosistemas se sobreexplotan y la pesca mundial supera en 250 por ciento la capacidad de recuperación de los mares.

Asimismo la extinción de especies es 100 veces más rápida que hace algunos años, el 12 por ciento de las aves están en peligro de desaparecer, 23 por ciento de los mamíferos enfrentan el mismo riesgo y 30 por ciento de los anfibios.

Ambos representantes ofrecieron preocupantes datos sobre el estado mundial del medio ambiente, pero aseguraron que el estudio no pretende asustar a nadie, sino crear conciencia para tomar acciones inmediatas.

Notimex